1189: After the death of Henry II, Richard Lionheart is crowned king of England.
1260: Mamelukes under Sultan Qutuz defeat Mongols and Crusaders at Ain Jalut.
1346: Edward III of England begins the siege of Calais, along the coast of France.
1650: The English under Cromwell defeat a superior Scottish army under David Leslie at the Battle of Dunbar.
1777: The American flag (stars & stripes), approved by Congress on June 14th, is carried into battle for the first time by a force under General William Maxwell.
1783: The Treaty of Paris is signed by Great Britain and the new United States, formally bringing the American Revolution to an end.
1838: Frederick Douglass escapes slavery disguised as a sailor. He would later write The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, his memoirs about slave life.
1855: General William Harney defeats Little Thunder’s Brule Sioux at the Battle of Blue Water in Nebraska.
1895: The first professional American football game is played in Latrobe, Pennsylvania between the Latrobe Young Men’s Christian Association and the Jeannette Athletic Club. Latrobe wins 12-0.
1914: The French capital is moved from Paris to Bordeaux as the Battle of the Marne begins.
1916: The German Somme front is broken by an Allied offensive.
1918: The United States recognizes the nation of Czechoslovakia.
1939: After Germany ignores Great Britain’s ultimatum to stop the invasion of Poland, Great Britain declares war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II in Europe.
1939: The British passenger ship Athenia is sunk by a German submarine in the Atlantic, with 30 Americans among those killed. American Secretary of State Cordell Hull warns Americans to avoid travel to Europe unless absolutely necessary.
1943: British troops invade Italy, landing at Calabria.
1944: The U.S. Seventh Army captures Lyons, France.
1945: General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the Japanese commander of the Philippines, surrenders to Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright at Baguio.
1967: Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Thieu is elected president of South Vietnam.
1969: Ho Chi Minh, the leader of North Vietnam, dies.
1976: The unmanned US spacecraft Viking 2 lands on Mars, takes first close-up, color photos of the planet’s surface.
1981: Egypt arrests some 1,500 opponents of the government.
1989: US begins shipping military aircraft and weapons to Columbia for use against that country’s drug lords.
1994: Russia and China sign a demarcation agreement to end dispute over a stretch of their border and agree they will no longer target each other with nuclear weapons.
2001: Protestant loyalists in Belfast, Ireland, begin an 11-week picket of the Holy Cross Catholic school for girls, sparking rioting.